Basic knowledge and skills in mathematical analysis and classical physics (mechanics, optics, and electromagnetism) are assumed. The knowledge acquired in the course of "Physical Methods Applied to Cultural Goods I" will be assumed as known.

The course provides an overview of the main physical diagnostic techniques applied to the study and conservation of cultural heritage. Focus will be placed on both the theoretical principles and practical applications of these methods. Students will also be introduced to the nature, structure, and degradation pathways of different material classes commonly found in heritage artifacts: paper and cellulosic materials, wood, metals, ceramics, glass, pigments, and dyes.

The course aims to:

Introduce students to the physical principles behind major diagnostic techniques used in cultural heritage analysis.

Provide foundational knowledge on the properties, structure, and degradation processes of various artistic and historical materials.

Develop the ability to choose and critically evaluate appropriate diagnostic tools for different conservation and restoration contexts.

Foster interdisciplinary understanding between material science and heritage conservation.

Teaching will combine:

Lectures with multimedia support (slides, video demonstrations).

Case studies of real-world applications in conservation science.

In-class discussions to encourage active learning.

Laboratory demonstrations or virtual labs, where feasible.

Possible guest lectures from professionals in heritage diagnostics.

Assessment Type (*)
Student evaluation will be based on:

1. A written exam with both open and multiple-choice questions.

2. Active participation in class discussions and possible short assignments or reports.

1. Overview of the Main Physical Techniques Applied to Cultural Heritage
   (A brief recap of the main techniques covered in the previous course, with examples of real-world applications.)

2. Light-Matter Interaction: Principles and Implications for Material Analysis
   (Spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared, Raman, etc.)

3. Coloring Materials: Chemical Composition and Optical Properties
   (Organic and inorganic pigments and dyes.)

4. Degradation Processes in Painted Layers and Colorants
   (Photodegradation, oxidation, chromatic alteration, etc.)

5. Resins, Waxes, and Varnishes: Composition, Historical Use, and Degradation Pathways
   (Natural and synthetic materials; ageing, yellowing, environmental reactions.)

6. Stone Materials: Physical and Chemical Weathering (Case Study: Pietra Leccese)
   (Effects of water, salts, biological colonization, and diagnostic techniques.)

7. Ceramics and Glasses: Production Technologies and Deterioration Phenomena
   (Glaze degradation, corrosion, cracking, etc.)

8. Metals and Alloys: Corrosion and Oxidation Phenomena
   (Bronze, iron, silver, gold; patinas, chlorides, monitoring techniques.)

9. Introduction to Imaging Techniques for Cultural Heritage
   (Multispectral imaging, photogrammetry, reflectography, and their applications in diagnostics and documentation.)

C. Giovagnoli et al., Scientific Techniques for the Study of Cultural Heritage, Springer.

M. Picollo et al., Non-invasive Analysis of Cultural Heritage Materials, CRC Press.

J. M. Derrick et al., Infrared Spectroscopy in Conservation Science, Getty Conservation Institute.

Supplementary lecture notes and scientific articles provided during the course.